An early proof-of-concept study of single-pulse TMS for migraine treatment was performed by Dr. Adrian Upton at McMaster University. Feasibility studies at Ohio State University and Borgess Research Institute by Drs. Yousef Mohammad and Rashmi Kothari yielded results that demonstrated a strong trend. These early studies of non-invasive TMS treatment for migraine helped drive the design of the multi-center randomized migraine with aura study.